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Divorce laws are enacted and interpreted by each of the respective states. This means your state and local family law court determines such things as divorce case filing and pleading procedures, spousal and child support payments, custodial rights of parents and the division of community property. Since laws get amended and new ones get made with some frequency, consult with an experienced family lawyer in your county for the most current status of the law. The family lawyer you choose should also be knowledgeable with the local courts and jury sentiment.

Dividing Marital Property:

Virginia is an equitable distribution state, meaning that if the parties can't agree, the marital property will be distributed in an equitable fashion, not necessarily equally. The amount of any division or transfer of jointly owned marital property, and the amount of any monetary award, the apportionment of marital debts, and the method of payment shall be determined by the court after consideration of the following factors:

1. The contributions, monetary and non-monetary, of each party to the well-being of the family;

2. The contributions, monetary and non-monetary, of each party in the acquisition and care and maintenance of such marital property of the parties;

3. The duration of the marriage;

4. The ages and physical and mental condition of the parties;

5. The circumstances and factors, which contributed to the dissolution of the marriage, specifically including any ground for divorce under the provisions of subdivisions (1), (3) or (6) of § 20-91 or § 20-95;

6. How and when specific items of such marital property were acquired;

7. The debts and liabilities of each spouse, the basis for such debts and liabilities, and the property, which may serve as security for such debts, and liabilities;

8. The liquid or non-liquid character of all marital property;

9. The tax consequences to each party;

10. The use or expenditure of marital property by either of the parties for a nonmarital separate purpose or the dissipation of such funds, when such was done in anticipation of divorce or separation or after the last separation of the parties; and

11. Such other factors as the court deems necessary or appropriate to consider in order to arrive at a fair and equitable monetary award.

Separate property is (1) all property, real and personal, acquired by either party before the marriage; (2) all property acquired during the marriage by bequest, devise, descent, survivorship or gift from a source other than the other party; (3) all property acquired during the marriage in exchange for or from the proceeds of sale of separate property, provided that such property acquired during the marriage is maintained as separate property; and (4) that part of any property classified as separate property. [Based on Code of Virginia, Title 20, Section 20-107.3]

Alimony / Spousal Support: The court, in its discretion, may decree that maintenance and support of a spouse be made in periodic payments for a defined duration, or in periodic payments for an undefined duration, or in a lump sum award, or in any combination thereof. The court, in determining whether to award support and maintenance for a spouse, shall consider the circumstances and factors which contributed to the dissolution of the marriage, specifically including adultery and any other ground for divorce. In determining the nature, amount and duration of an award pursuant to this section, the court shall consider the following:

1. The obligations, needs and financial resources of the parties, including but not limited to income from all pension, profit sharing or retirement plans, of whatever nature;

2. The standard of living established during the marriage;

3. The duration of the marriage;

4. The age and physical and mental condition of the parties and any special circumstances of the family;

5. The extent to which the age, physical or mental condition or special circumstances of any child of the parties would make it appropriate that a party not seek employment outside of the home;

6. The contributions of each party to the well-being of the family;

7. The property interests of the parties, both real and personal, tangible and intangible;

8. The provisions made with regard to the marital property division;

9. The earning capacity, including the skills, education and training of the parties and the present employment opportunities for persons possessing such earning capacity;

10. The opportunity for, ability of, and the time and costs involved for a party to acquire the appropriate education, training and employment to obtain the skills needed to enhance his or her earning ability;

11. The decisions regarding employment, career, economics, education and parenting arrangements made by the parties during the marriage and their effect on present and future earning potential, including the length of time one or both of the parties have been absent from the job market;

12. The extent to which either party has contributed to the attainment of education, training, career position or profession of the other party; and

13. Such other factors, including the tax consequences to each party, as are necessary to consider the equities between the parties.

Legal Name Change: Upon decreeing a divorce from the bond of matrimony the court shall, on motion of a party who changed his or her name by reason of the marriage, restore such party's former name or maiden name by separate order meeting the requirements of § 8.01-217. [Based on Code of Virginia, Title 20, Section 20-121.4]

Virginia Child Custody Laws: In determining custody, the court shall give primary consideration to the best interests of the child. The court shall assure minor children of frequent and continuing contact with both parents, when appropriate, and encourage parents to share in the responsibilities of rearing their children. As between the parents, there shall be no presumption or inference of law in favor of either, and the court may award joint custody or sole custody. In determining best interests of a child for purposes of determining custody or visitation arrangements, the court shall consider the following:

1. The age and physical and mental condition of the child, giving due consideration to the child's changing developmental needs;

2. The age and physical and mental condition of each parent;

3. The relationship existing between each parent and each child, giving due consideration to the positive involvement with the child's life, the ability to accurately assess and meet the emotional, intellectual and physical needs of the child;

4. The needs of the child, giving due consideration to other important relationships of the child, including but not limited to siblings, peers and extended family members;

5. The role that each parent has played and will play in the future, in the upbringing and care of the child;

6. The propensity of each parent to actively support the child's contact and relationship with the other parent, including whether a parent has unreasonably denied the other parent access to or visitation with the child;

7. The relative willingness and demonstrated ability of each parent to maintain a close and continuing relationship with the child, and the ability of each parent to cooperate in and resolve disputes regarding matters affecting the child;

8. The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems the child to be of reasonable intelligence, understanding, age and experience to express such a preference;

9. Any history of family abuse; and

10. Such other factors as the court deems necessary and proper to the determination.

Child Support: Virginia uses the "Income Shares" model as the base for determining child support. This method bases the level of support on the combined income of both parents. There shall be a rebuttable presumption in any judicial or administrative proceeding for child support, including cases involving split custody or shared custody, that the amount of the award which would result from the application of the guidelines set out in § 20-108.2 is the correct amount of child support to be awarded. In any proceeding on the issue of determining child support, the court shall have the authority to order a party to provide health care coverage for dependent children if reasonable under all the circumstances and health care coverage for a spouse or former spouse. In any proceeding on the issue of determining child support, the court shall have the authority to order a party to (1) maintain any existing life insurance policy on the life of either party provided the party so ordered has the right to designate a beneficiary and (2) designate a child or children of the parties as the beneficiary of all or a portion of such life insurance for so long as the party so ordered has a statutory obligation to pay child support for the child or children. [Based on Code of Virginia, Title 20, Section 20-108.1]

Premarital Agreement: A premarital agreement shall be in writing and signed by both parties. Such agreement shall be enforceable without consideration and shall become effective upon marriage.

HOW TO ENFORCE CHILD SUPPORT IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA – THE FEDERAL OPTION

Federal Options Enforcement (CSE) Program is a federal/state/local effort to locate parents, their employers, and/or their assets; establish paternity if necessary; and establish and enforce child support orders. The federal role is to provide funding, issue policies, ensure that federal requirements are met, and interact with other federal agencies that help support the CSE program.

How and where do I apply?

In most states, CSE offices are listed under the human services agency in the local government section of the telephone directory. If there is not a separate listing, the human services agency information operator should be able to give you the number. State CSE agencies are listed at the end of this brochure; they also can provide telephone numbers for local offices.

Call your Child Support Enforcement office to learn how to apply for enforcement services and what documents (birth certificates, financial statements, etc.) you should provide.

What are the steps to collecting support?

The first step, if a child was born out of wedlock, is to establish paternity - or make a legal determination of who fathered the child. Many men will voluntarily acknowledge paternity. Either parent can request a blood test in contested paternity cases. Your caseworker will help you to establish paternity for your child.

Establishing the obligation is the next step. The fair amount of child support that the non-custodial parent should pay is determined according to state guidelines. Your CSE office will be able to tell you how support award amounts are set in your state. Your CSE office can also request medical support for your child.

The last step is enforcement of the child support order. The CSE office can help with collecting the money due no matter where the non-custodial parent lives.

At any of these steps, the CSE office may need to know where the non-custodial parent is living or where he/she is working. When a parent has disappeared, it is usually possible for the CSE office to find him/her with the help of state agencies, such as the Department of Motor Vehicles, or the Federal Parent Locator Service. Your caseworker can tell you what information is needed to find an absent parent or his/her employer.

The most successful way to collect child support is by direct withholding from the obligated parent's paycheck. Most child support orders require the employer to withhold the money that is ordered for child support and send it to the CSE office. Your Child Support Enforcement office can tell you about this procedure.

Federal and State Income Tax refunds may be withheld to collect unpaid child support. States also have laws, which allow them to use: liens on real and personal property; orders to withhold and deliver property; or seizure and sale of property with the proceeds applied to the support debt. Many states routinely report child support debts to credit bureaus and smart parents are bringing their payments current so that their credit won't be affected.

For More Information write for the 2008 Handbook on Child Support Enforcement by contacting:

ACF OCSE National Reference Center

370 L'Enfant Promenade, S.W.

4th Floor Washington, DC 20447

(202) 401-9383

IS A LAWYER NECESSARY FOR MY CASE?

If the marriage was less then a year, you have no children, if there is no real estate, and if a marital settlement has been reached, the spouses may and should consider a fast and simplified divorce solution.

No person seeking a divorce is actually required by law to use an attorney. If a person does plan to represent themselves (not recommended) during the proceedings, they should not expect the court clerks, bailiff and/or judge to assist them or provide legal advice in any way. Most spouses do however, at least at some point, consult with an attorney before proceeding with doing the divorce themselves.

Under most circumstances, a lawyer is ethically prohibited from representing both parties in a case. This is called a legal conflict of interest. Lawyers should only represent one party. Notwithstanding, in practice many people choose to have just one lawyer handle most of the paperwork such as the legal documents, including a separation agreement. In this situation, you must keep in mind that the lawyer who drafted the documents should and usually is only be representing one party. In some states, they follow a collaborative divorce process in which the mediator/lawyer works with both parties to achieve one common goal: to reach agreement on settlement of the issues and to have that agreement reduced to a writing and then into a court order.

Most lawyers do not charge a flat fee for a divorce unless the divorce is very simple, and both parties have agreed to the division of property and custodial issues at the outset. Instead, a lawyer will usually request a cash retainer from the client, not unlike a security deposit and charge for the lawyer’s time as the case moves forward. The amount of lawyer fees is one very important factor to consider. However you should also take into account the attorney’s legal experience and the complexity of the case. Lawyers are prohibited from charging a contingent fee for a divorce. Once a fee arrangement has been made, the lawyer is in most cases must prepare a written contract reflecting the agreement if full.

If there is a great disparity of income with regards to payment of the attorney fees, a judge may determine that one person should pay for the other person’s attorney fees. Most often however, a judge determines that each party has the ability and should to pay his or her own fees.

CHOOSING THE RIGHT FAMILY LAWYER

If you have chosen to go with a lawyer you have a very important choice to make.

You could think of the process of choosing a lawyer like any other significant purchase. The same kind of careful consideration you put into a major purchase is not unlike the kinds of considerations you need to make when you are looking for the right divorce and family lawyer.

Before you start, you’ll need to choose what qualities you want in your family lawyer. There are a number of qualities that you should expect your lawyer to have. These basic qualities include:

Good standing with their state bar: In other words, the bar association which licenses the attorneys in your state considers this lawyer is fit to practice law.

No disciplinary sanctions: A disciplinary sanction is an action taken against a lawyer by the state agency that regulates lawyers. If a lawyer has a sanction, be sure to investigate, taking into account the severity of the sanction and how long ago it occurred. A sanction can be a minor reprimand, or it can be a very serious punishment like suspension or disbarment from practicing law.

Experience with cases like yours: Most lawyers concentrate in a few areas of the law such as adoption and mediation. Once you know what these areas are, it’s easier to find lawyers with the experience and skills that are relevant to your situation.

Good communication skills: Regardless of your family law case issues, you want someone who keeps you informed and stays in touch, every step of the way. Legal matters can be confusing and your attorney is your advocate and guide. Don’t settle for anything less.

Once you’ve covered the basics, you may think of other qualities you’d like your lawyer to have. A few questions to consider:

Is this lawyer’s office convenient to your home or office?

How much does the lawyer charge?

GET CURRENT WITH THE 2008 FAMILY LAW CODE OF VIRGINA:

http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+TOC2000000